Opsan Healthtech Private Limited

Tab Dabrafenib 75mg + Trametinib combination is a combination therapy used in the treatment of BRAF V600E or V600Kmutant melanoma and other cancers with BRAF mutations This combination therapy pairs dabrafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, with trametinib, a MEK inhibitor The combination targets two key components of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which is often dysregulated in cancers due to BRAF mutations By inhibiting both BRAF and MEK, this combination works synergistically to block cancer cell growth and prevent the spread of the tumor
 Active Ingredients: Dabrafenib 75 mg: A BRAF inhibitor that specifically targets and inhibits the BRAF V600E and V600K mutations, blocking the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway, which is responsible for the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells Trametinib 2 mg: A MEK inhibitor that inhibits MEK1 and MEK2, proteins that act downstream of BRAF in the MAPK/ERK pathway By inhibiting MEK, trametinib blocks further downstream signaling that contributes to cancer cell growth
 Mechanism of Action: In cancers with BRAF mutations, the MAPK/ERK pathway becomes overactive, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and division Dabrafenib inhibits BRAF V600E and V600K, preventing the activation of the pathway at the BRAF level Trametinib inhibits MEK1 and MEK2, which are downstream of BRAF, further blocking the pathway and reducing cancer cell proliferation The combination of these two drugs is more effective than either drug alone, as it targets two key points in the signaling cascade, preventing bypass mechanisms that cancer cells may use to continue growing
 Indications: Metastatic or unresectable melanoma with the BRAF V600E or V600K mutation Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with the BRAF V600E mutation Other BRAFmutant cancers, including colorectal cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer, and papillary thyroid cancer in certain cases
 Dosage and Administration: Dabrafenib: The recommended dose of dabrafenib is 75 mg twice daily, typically administered in combination with trametinib Trametinib: The recommended dose of trametinib is 2 mg once daily Both medications are taken orally and can be taken with or without food The tablets should be swallowed whole and not crushed, broken, or chewed   Contraindications: Hypersensitivity: This combination is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity to either dabrafenib or trametinib, or any of their components Pregnancy: This combination is contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential birth defects Both dabrafenib and trametinib may cause harm to the fetus and should not be used by pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant
 Precautions: Pregnancy and Contraception: Both dabrafenib and trametinib can cause birth defects Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 4 months after the last dose Men should also use contraception during treatment and for 4 months after stopping therapy Heart Function: The combination of dabrafenib and trametinib can lead to cardiac toxicity, including heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction Monitoring for symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling is essential Liver Function: Regular monitoring of liver enzymes is recommended as the combination may cause hepatotoxicity (liver damage) If liver damage occurs, treatment may need to be discontinued Eye Toxicity: Trametinib can cause retinal vein occlusion or other vision issues Regular eye exams are recommended during treatment Skin Reactions: The combination may cause rashes, skin lesions, or blistering, which should be closely monitored In severe cases, dose adjustments or discontinuation may be required   

Capecitabine 500mg Tablet - Medical Description
Brand Name: Capecitabine (Generic)  Strength: 500 mg per tablet  Form: Oral Tablet
---
 Therapeutic Class:  Antineoplastic (Chemotherapy) Agent
 Indications:Capecitabine is used to treat various cancers, including:
- Breast cancer: Often used as an adjuvant treatment after surgery, or in combination with other therapies for metastatic breast cancer.- Colorectal cancer: For metastatic colorectal cancer or as adjuvant treatment after surgery.- Gastric cancer: In combination with other chemotherapy agents for metastatic gastric cancer.  Capecitabine may also be prescribed for other cancers, depending on a physician's recommendation.
 Mechanism of Action:Capecitabine is a prodrug, meaning it is metabolized into the active drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the body. 5-FU works by inhibiting DNA synthesis in cancer cells, which prevents them from growing and dividing, thus helping to stop the progression of cancer.
 Dosage and Administration:- Standard Dose: The usual starting dose is 1000-1250 mg/m² twice daily, for 14 days, followed by a 7-day rest period, depending on the patient's condition and type of cancer.- It should be taken with food to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal upset.  Dosing may be adjusted based on tolerance and side effects, and it is essential to follow the prescribed regimen by a healthcare provider.
 Contraindications:- Hypersensitivity to capecitabine or any of its components.- Severe liver impairment (e.g., cirrhosis).- Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min).- Pregnancy and breastfeeding (due to potential harm to the fetus or infant).
 Warnings and Precautions:- Hematologic Effects: Capecitabine can cause myelosuppression, leading to low levels of red and white blood cells and platelets. Regular blood tests are necessary.- Gastrointestinal Toxicity: It may cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or mucositis (painful inflammation of the mouth).- Hand-foot syndrome: Redness, swelling, and pain may occur in the hands and feet.- Liver toxicity: Monitoring liver function is essential during treatment.- Dehydration: Diarrhea and vomiting may lead to dehydration.  Patients with pre-existing liver or kidney conditions require careful monitoring.
 Side Effects:Common side effects include:- Nausea and vomiting- Diarrhea- Hand-foot syndrome (redness, swelling, pain on palms and soles)- Mucositis (mouth ulcers)- Fatigue- Anemia (low red blood cell count)- Loss of appetite
Serious side effects include:- Severe diarrhea or dehydration- Liver toxicity (elevated liver enzymes)- Severe skin reactions like blistering
 Drug Interactions:- Warfarin: May increase the effects of warfarin, leading to bleeding risks.- Phenytoin: Capecitabine may alter phenytoin levels.- Antacids and proton pump inhibitors: These may reduce the absorption of capecitabine.- Other chemotherapy drugs: Using multiple chemotherapy agents can increase the risk of toxicity.
 Storage:- Store at room temperature, 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).- Keep the medication in a cool, dry place away from light and moisture.- Keep out of reach of children.
 Patient Counseling Information:- Hydration is crucial, especially if the patient experiences diarrhea or vomiting.- Patients should be informed about potential side effects, such as gastrointestinal issues and hand-foot syndrome, and report any severe symptoms immediately.- Regular blood tests to monitor blood counts, liver, and kidney functions are necessary during treatment.- Pregnant or breastfeeding women should not take capecitabine.
---
This description is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for personalized guidance and treatment plans.

Imatinib 400mg Tablet - Medical Description
Brand Name: Imatinib (Generic)  Strength: 400 mg per tablet  Form: Oral Tablet
---
 Therapeutic Class:  Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (Antineoplastic Agent)
 Indications:Imatinib is used to treat certain types of cancer and other conditions, including:
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): For treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) CML.- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): For treatment of unresectable or metastatic GISTs with a confirmed c-KIT mutation.- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): For Ph+ ALL, in combination with chemotherapy.- Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases (MDS/MPD): For patients with specific genetic mutations.- Systemic Mastocytosis: For patients with aggressive systemic mastocytosis with a c-KIT mutation.
 Mechanism of Action:Imatinib is a targeted therapy that works by inhibiting tyrosine kinases. Specifically, it blocks the BCR-ABL fusion protein in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) CML, which is responsible for uncontrolled cell growth. By inhibiting this abnormal protein, Imatinib prevents the growth of cancer cells, slowing or stopping tumor progression. It also targets other abnormal kinases involved in GISTs and certain other cancers.
 Dosage and Administration:- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs):  - The usual recommended dose is 400 mg once daily with food to improve absorption and reduce gastrointestinal side effects.- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL):  - Imatinib is typically combined with chemotherapy, and dosing may vary based on the patient's condition and physician's instructions.
Note: Dosage adjustments may be required based on treatment response and side effects. The dose may be increased to 600 mg/day or higher in certain cases, based on the condition being treated.
 Contraindications:- Hypersensitivity to Imatinib or any of its components.- Severe liver impairment (e.g., cirrhosis).- Pregnancy and breastfeeding (due to potential harm to the fetus or infant).
 Warnings and Precautions:- Hematologic Toxicity: Imatinib can cause low blood cell counts (anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia). Regular monitoring of blood counts is necessary.- Liver Toxicity: Imatinib may cause elevated liver enzymes and liver damage. Liver function should be monitored regularly.- Fluid Retention: Imatinib may cause fluid retention, leading to swelling or weight gain. Patients should be monitored for signs of heart failure or pulmonary edema.- Cardiac Issues: Imatinib can cause cardiovascular problems, including heart failure. Patients with pre-existing heart conditions should be carefully monitored.- Gastrointestinal Issues: Imatinib may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain.- Severe Rash: Can cause skin reactions, including severe rash or blistering, which should be reported to a healthcare provider immediately.  Patients with liver or kidney issues, and pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider before using Imatinib.
 Side Effects:Common side effects include:- Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea- Fluid retention (swelling in the legs or around the eyes)- Rashes- Fatigue- Muscle cramps and joint pain- Headaches

Inj Filgrastim 300mcg is a recombinant human granulocyte colonystimulating factor (GCSF) used to stimulate the production of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell Filgrastim works by binding to specific receptors on hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow, which promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and functional activity of neutrophils
Indications: Chemotherapyinduced neutropenia: To reduce the incidence of infection in patients undergoing chemotherapy Severe chronic neutropenia: Such as congenital neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, and idiopathic neutropenia Bone marrow transplantation: To facilitate neutrophil recovery after bone marrow transplantation HIV/AIDSrelated neutropenia: To improve neutrophil counts in patients with HIVrelated neutropenia Peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization: To enhance the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells for autologous transplantation
Dosage and Administration: The usual starting dose is 5 mcg/kg/day, administered as a subcutaneous Injection, with adjustments based on patient response The dose for Inj Filgrastim 300mcg would typically be given depending on body weight and clinical need  Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to filgrastim, E coliderived proteins, or any component of the formulation
Precautions: Caution is advised in patients with sickle cell disease, history of bone marrow malignancies, or prior hypersensitivity reactions It should be used with caution during pregnancy and lactation, as its safety has not been fully established  Side Effects: Common side effects may include bone pain, fever, fatigue, and Injection site reactions Serious side effects can include splenic rupture, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis
Mechanism of Action:Filgrastim binds to the GCSF receptor on neutrophil precursors and mature neutrophils in the bone marrow, which results in the proliferation, differentiation, and enhanced function of neutrophils, leading to increased circulating neutrophil counts 

Filgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that helps the body produce more white blood cells (neutrophils). It's commonly used to prevent neutropenia (low white blood cell count) in patients undergoing chemotherapy or bone marrow transplants. 🧬 Mechanism of Action:

Filgrastim binds to specific cell surface receptors on hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, stimulating their proliferation, differentiation, and activation, especially into neutrophils. This reduces the risk of infections in immunocompromised patients.

✅ Indications:

• Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

• Bone marrow transplant support

• Severe chronic neutropenia

• Peripheral blood stem cell collection

⚠️ Common Side Effects:

• Bone pain (most common)

• Headache

• Fatigue

• Nausea

• Fever

• Injection site reactions

• Elevated white blood cell count

Rare but serious:

• Splenic rupture

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

• Allergic reactions

💰 Cost Estimate:

• Global Price: $200–$350 per 300 mcg injection

• India MRP: 1299 RS

Inj Trastuzumab emtansine 100mg is an antibodydrug conjugate (ADC) used in the treatment of HER2positive breast cancer, particularly in patients who have previously been treated with other HER2targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab and chemotherapy The drug combines the targeted action of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab with the cytotoxic properties of the chemotherapy agent emtansine (also known as DM1) This combination allows for the direct delivery of chemotherapy to cancer cells, minimizing the effects on healthy cells
 Medical Description:
 Generic Name: Trastuzumab emtansine   Brand Name: Kadcyla   Form: Injectable solution for intravenous (IV) infusion   Strength: 100 mg per vial
 Indications:Trastuzumab emtansine is primarily indicated for the treatment of HER2positive breast cancer, particularly in the following clinical settings:
1 Metastatic HER2positive breast cancer:    Trastuzumab emtansine is used for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in patients who have received trastuzumab and taxanebased chemotherapy previously    It is also indicated for patients with HER2positive metastatic breast cancer who have progressed following trastuzumab and lapatinib
2 Adjuvant treatment for HER2positive earlystage breast cancer:    Trastuzumab emtansine is also indicated for use as adjuvant therapy in patients with earlystage HER2positive breast cancer who have residual invasive disease after receiving neoadjuvant treatment with trastuzumab and chemotherapy
 Mechanism of Action:Trastuzumab emtansine is an antibodydrug conjugate (ADC) that combines two important components:
1 Trastuzumab (the monoclonal antibody): Trastuzumab binds specifically to the HER2 receptor, a protein overexpressed in certain cancer cells, particularly in HER2positive breast cancer By binding to HER2, trastuzumab inhibits the signaling pathways that lead to cancer cell proliferation and survival
2 Emtansine (DM1): Emtansine is a potent chemotherapy agent that disrupts microtubule assembly and interferes with cell division, leading to cell death However, because emtansine is linked to trastuzumab, it is delivered specifically to HER2positive cancer cells, thereby reducing damage to healthy tissues
The combination of trastuzumab and emtansine allows for the targeted delivery of the chemotherapy drug to the cancer cells, improving the efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy
 Administration: Route: Intravenous (IV) infusion Dosing:    The recommended dose for metastatic HER2positive breast cancer is 36 mg/kg of body weight administered via IV infusion every 3 weeks    For earlystage HER2positive breast cancer (after neoadjuvant therapy), the dose is the same at 36 mg/kg every 3 weeks    Dosing schedule: Trastuzumab emtansine is typically given as a single agent after other HER2targeted therapies, and the exact duration of therapy will depend on individual response, side effects, and the physician’s recommendations
 Infusion time: The infusion time may vary:    The first infusion may take approximately 90 minutes    If the first infusion is well tolerated, subsequent infusions may be administered over a 3060 minute period
 Side Effects: Common Side Effects:    Fatigue    Nausea and vomiting    Hair loss (alopecia)    Pain at the Injection site    Muscle pain (myalgia)    Headaches    Diarrhea
 

Inj Topotecan 2mg is a medication that contains topotecan, an antineoplastic agent used primarily in the treatment of certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and cervical cancer It is classified as a topoisomerase I inhibitor, which interferes with the DNA replication process in cancer cells, ultimately leading to cell death
 Medical Description:
 Generic Name: Topotecan   Brand Name: Hycamtin (among others) Form: Injectable solution (intravenous infusion) Strength: 2 mg per vial (typically supplied as a concentrated solution) Indication:     Ovarian Cancer: Used in the treatment of recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer after initial chemotherapy   Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): Used for the treatment of SCLC, especially in cases where the disease has relapsed or is resistant to other therapies   Cervical Cancer: Used in combination with other chemotherapy agents for the treatment of metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer
 Mechanism of Action: Topoisomerase I Inhibition: Topotecan inhibits topoisomerase I, an enzyme that helps manage the DNA structure during replication by creating temporary singlestrand breaks By inhibiting this enzyme, topotecan prevents the DNA from unwinding and replicating, causing DNA damage and cell death, especially in rapidly dividing cancer cells
 Administration: Route: Topotecan is administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion   The recommended administration method is an IV infusion over 30 minutes Dosing Schedule: The typical dosing regimen for topotecan depends on the type of cancer being treated:   Ovarian Cancer: Administered at 15 mg/m²/day for 5 consecutive days in a 21day cycle   Small Cell Lung Cancer: Administered at 15 mg/m²/day for 5 consecutive days in a 21day cycle   Cervical Cancer: Administered as 075 mg/m²/day for 5 consecutive days in a 21day cycle
  The dose may be adjusted based on the patient's tolerance and side effects, and the therapy is typically part of a combination regimen with other chemotherapy drugs
 Side Effects: Common side effects include:   Bone marrow suppression, leading to neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia   Nausea and vomiting   Fatigue   Hair loss (alopecia)   Diarrhea   Mouth sores (stomatitis)   Serious side effects include:   Severe myelosuppression (decreased blood cell counts), which can lead to increased risk of infections, bleeding, and fatigue   Infections: Due to low white blood cell counts, there is a risk of serious infections   Pulmonary toxicity: There is a risk of lung damage, which can manifest as symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, or chest pain   Hepatotoxicity: Liver enzyme elevations or other liverrelated side effects can occur   Gastrointestinal perforation: Although rare, there may be a risk of intestinal perforation
 Contraindications: Hypersensitivity: Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to topotecan or any component of the formulation Pregnancy: Topotecan is classified as a Category D drug in pregnancy, indicating a risk to the fetus It should only be used during pregnancy if the benefits outweigh the risks Lactation: It is not recommended for use during breastfeeding due to potential harm to the infant
 Special Precautions: Bone Marrow Suppression: Due to its potent bone marrowsuppressing effects, topotecan should be used with caution in patients with preexisting blood disorders, and blood counts must be regularly monitored 

Tab Regorafenib 40mg is an oral medication that is primarily used in the treatment of various types of cancer, particularly metastatic colorectal cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) It is a multikinase inhibitor that works by blocking specific enzymes involved in the growth of cancer cells, thereby inhibiting the growth and spread of the tumor
 Medical Description:
 Generic Name: Regorafenib   Brand Name: Stivarga   Form: Oral tablet   Strength: 40 mg per tablet
 Mechanism of Action:
Regorafenib works by inhibiting multiple kinase enzymes involved in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels that supply the tumor), and tumor cell survival It targets the following kinases:
1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR): Inhibits the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) that tumors need to grow and spread2 PlateletDerived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR): Prevents signals that promote tumor cell growth3 Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR): Blocks signaling pathways that contribute to tumor cell survival and migration4 KIT and RET: Involved in the growth and spread of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)5 RAF: A key signaling pathway for tumor growth and metastasis
By inhibiting these kinases, regorafenib prevents the growth of tumors, limiting the ability of the cancer to progress
 Indications:
Regorafenib 40mg is primarily used for the treatment of the following:
1 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (CRC):    Regorafenib is used in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who have previously been treated with chemotherapy, including fluoropyrimidinebased therapy, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan    It is generally used when other treatment options have failed
2 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs):    Regorafenib is used for the treatment of advanced GISTs in patients who have been previously treated with imatinib and sunitinib but the tumor has continued to grow
3 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC):    It is used as a secondline treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) who have been previously treated with sorafenib
 Dosage and Administration:
 Route: Oral (tablet)   Strength: 40 mg per tablet   Dosage: The typical dosage for metastatic colorectal cancer or GISTs is 160 mg daily, which is taken as four 40 mg tablets once daily for 21 days of a 28day cycle This cycle is repeated until disease progression or intolerable side effects occur     The dosage for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is generally the same, but the doctor will adjust the dose based on patient tolerance
Regorafenib should be taken with a lowfat meal to enhance absorption and reduce side effects
 Side Effects:
Regorafenib can cause side effects, some of which can be serious Common side effects include:
 Fatigue   Diarrhea   Handfoot skin reaction (pain, redness, and swelling on palms or soles)   Hypertension (high blood pressure)   Rash   Loss of appetite   Mouth sores (stomatitis)   Nausea and vomiting   Abdominal pain   Weight loss

Megestrol 40 mg Tablets - Medical Description
Generic Name: Megestrol  Brand Name: Megace (commonly used brand name)
Formulation:  Megestrol is available in oral tablet form, with a common strength of 40 mg per tablet. It is also available in oral suspension (liquid) form for those who have difficulty swallowing tablets.
Indications:  Megestrol is primarily used for:- Appetite Stimulation: Megestrol is commonly prescribed to help stimulate appetite and promote weight gain in patients suffering from severe weight loss or anorexia, often associated with cancer (e.g., cachexia) or HIV/AIDS.- Breast Cancer: It is sometimes used in the treatment of advanced or metastatic breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.- Endometrial Cancer: It is also used in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma, often in patients who are not suitable candidates for surgery or radiation therapy.
Mechanism of Action:  Megestrol is a progestin, a synthetic form of the hormone progesterone. It exerts its effects by binding to progesterone receptors, influencing the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and growth. It also has a potent appetite-stimulating effect, which helps in increasing food intake and promoting weight gain. In the treatment of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, it acts by inhibiting the growth of hormone-sensitive cancer cells.
Dosage and Administration:  The typical dosage of Megestrol varies depending on the indication:- For appetite stimulation (e.g., in cancer or HIV/AIDS-related cachexia): A common dosage is 400-800 mg daily, usually divided into 2-3 doses, although lower doses, such as 40 mg, may be used in some cases based on the patient's specific needs and physician's recommendation.- For breast cancer or endometrial cancer: The typical dose may be 160 mg to 320 mg daily, depending on the individual response and the severity of the condition.
The tablets should be swallowed whole and taken as directed by the healthcare provider. It is generally taken with or without food.
Side Effects:  Common side effects of Megestrol include:- Weight gain (due to increased appetite)- Fluid retention or swelling (edema)- Nausea and vomiting- Fatigue- Increased sweating- Hot flashes- Mood swings or depression
Serious side effects may include:- Blood clots (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism): Megestrol can increase the risk of clot formation, which can be life-threatening.- Liver toxicity: Megestrol can cause liver enzyme abnormalities, and in rare cases, liver dysfunction.- Adrenal suppression: Prolonged use of high doses can potentially suppress adrenal gland function.- Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar): Megestrol may affect glucose metabolism, leading to elevated blood sugar levels, which can be problematic in diabetic patients.- Thromboembolic events: Megestrol can increase the risk of blood clots, potentially causing strokes or heart attacks.
Precautions and Warnings:- History of Blood Clots: Megestrol should be used cautiously in individuals with a history of blood clots or conditions that increase the risk of clotting (e.g., prolonged immobility, recent surgery, or cancer).- Liver Function: Liver function should be monitored during treatment, especially if the patient has pre-existing liver conditions.- Endometrial Cancer: Women using Megestrol should be aware that prolonged use of the drug can potentially increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia (overgrowth of the uterine lining), and it should be used with caution in patients with a history of endometrial cancer.- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Megestrol should not be used during pregnancy as it can harm the fetus. It is also not recommended for breastfeeding, as it can be excreted in breast milk and may affect the infant.

Tab Bicalutamide 50mg is an oral medication that contains Bicalutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen used primarily for the treatment of prostate cancer It works by blocking the action of male hormones (androgens) like testosterone, which stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells
 Active Ingredient: Bicalutamide (50 mg per tablet): Bicalutamide is an androgen receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of testosterone and other androgens on prostate cancer cells, thereby slowing tumor growth
 Mechanism of Action:Bicalutamide binds to the androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells, preventing testosterone and other androgens from binding to these receptors Androgens typically promote the growth and proliferation of prostate cancer cells By inhibiting androgen receptor activation, Bicalutamide effectively reduces cancer cell growth
Unlike other treatments, Bicalutamide does not decrease the production of testosterone, but rather blocks its effects in the cancerous tissues
 Indications: Prostate Cancer: Bicalutamide is primarily indicated for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, either as monotherapy or in combination with LHRH agonists (like leuprolide or goserelin) It is used to reduce tumor growth and control symptoms in advanced stages of prostate cancer
 Dosage and Administration: Recommended Dose: The standard dose of Bicalutamide for adults is 50 mg once daily, typically taken at the same time each day Administration: The tablet should be taken orally, with or without food It should be swallowed whole with water and should not be crushed or chewed Adjustment: In some cases, a doctor may adjust the dose based on the patient's response to treatment or side effects
 Contraindications: Hypersensitivity: Bicalutamide is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity (allergy) to the drug or any of its components Women and Children: Bicalutamide is contraindicated for use in women or children, as it can cause harm to fetal development and is not intended for use in females
 Precautions: Liver Function: Bicalutamide can affect liver function Liver enzyme levels should be monitored regularly during treatment If significant liver issues arise, the treatment may need to be stopped or adjusted Cardiac Issues: Although rare, Bicalutamide may cause QT prolongation, a condition that can lead to serious heart rhythm disturbances Monitoring for any heartrelated symptoms is important, especially for patients with a history of heart problems Breast Changes: Bicalutamide can cause gynecomastia (breast enlargement) and breast tenderness in men This is a common side effect that may resolve after discontinuation of the drug, but it may require management if symptoms are bothersome Pregnancy: Bicalutamide should not be used during pregnancy due to potential harm to the fetus
 

Tab Lomustine 40mg is an oral chemotherapy medication used primarily in the treatment of certain types of cancer, particularly brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nonHodgkin's lymphoma It belongs to a class of drugs called alkylating agents, which work by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing their replication and growth
 Active Ingredient: Lomustine (40 mg per tablet): Lomustine is a nitrosourea compound, which is an alkylating agent that works by damaging the DNA inside cancer cells This prevents the cells from dividing and growing, leading to their death
 Mechanism of Action:Lomustine works by introducing alkyl groups into the DNA of cancer cells This alkylation process causes crosslinks in the DNA strands, which interferes with DNA replication and repair, ultimately leading to cell death This action is most effective in rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells
 Indications: Brain Tumors: Lomustine is commonly used for gliomas, including glioblastoma multiforme, and other types of brain tumors Lymphomas: Lomustine can be used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma and nonHodgkin's lymphoma Other Cancers: Lomustine may also be used in the treatment of other cancers, depending on the specific case and treatment regimen
 Dosage and Administration: Recommended Dose: The usual dose of lomustine is 40 mg once every 6 weeks However, the exact dose and schedule may vary depending on the type of cancer being treated and the patient’s response to the drug Administration: Lomustine is taken orally, typically in a single dose on an empty stomach, either in the morning or as directed by the physician The tablet should be swallowed whole, and not crushed or chewed
 Contraindications: Hypersensitivity: Lomustine is contraindicated in patients who have a known hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to lomustine or any of its components Bone Marrow Suppression: Lomustine should not be used in patients with severe bone marrow suppression (low blood cell counts) because it may worsen the condition
 Precautions: Bone Marrow Suppression: Lomustine can cause myelosuppression, which is a decrease in the production of blood cells Regular monitoring of blood counts is required before and during treatment to ensure the drug is not excessively suppressing the bone marrow Liver Function: Lomustine can affect liver function, and patients should be monitored for signs of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) Renal Function: Patients with impaired kidney function may require dosage adjustments or special monitoring Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Lomustine should not be used during pregnancy as it can cause birth defects It is also not recommended during breastfeeding Women of childbearing age should use effective contraception while on this medication and for 6 months after treatment Infections: Due to the risk of immunosuppression, patients receiving lomustine should be monitored for signs of infection, as the drug can weaken the immune system
 Side Effects: Common Side Effects:   Nausea   Vomiting   Fatigue   Loss of appetite   Hair loss   Low blood counts (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia)   

Tab Trifluridine/Tipiracil 20mg is a combination medication that is primarily used for the treatment of certain cancers, specifically metastatic colorectal cancer It contains two active ingredients, trifluridine and tipiracil, which work together to treat cancer by targeting cancer cells and inhibiting their growth
 Medical Description:
 Generic Name: Trifluridine/Tipiracil   Brand Name: Lonsurf   Form: Oral tablet   Strength: 20 mg (Trifluridine 15 mg / Tipiracil 5 mg)
 Mechanism of Action:
1 Trifluridine:     Trifluridine is a nucleoside analog that works by interfering with DNA synthesis It is incorporated into the DNA of cancer cells, leading to disruption of DNA replication and cell death It primarily targets rapidly dividing cancer cells, preventing them from growing and spreading
2 Tipiracil:     Tipiracil is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase, which is responsible for breaking down trifluridine By inhibiting thymidine phosphorylase, tipiracil increases the availability of trifluridine, allowing for more effective action against cancer cells
Together, these two drugs work to stop cancer cells from dividing and multiplying, which is essential in the treatment of cancers that rely on fastgrowing cells
 Indications:
Tab Trifluridine/Tipiracil 20mg is primarily indicated for:
 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (CRC):    It is used in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who have already been treated with other chemotherapy regimens Trifluridine/Tipiracil is often used in combination with other treatments or as part of a secondline therapy when other options have failed
 Dosage and Administration:
 Route: Oral   Dosage: The usual dose is 35 mg/m² (which corresponds to Trifluridine 15 mg and Tipiracil 5 mg) taken orally twice daily for 5 consecutive days of a 28day cycle This regimen is typically repeated with a rest period of 23 days    The specific dosage and treatment cycle may vary based on the patient's individual condition, response to treatment, and overall health Your healthcare provider will determine the appropriate dosing schedule for you
 Side Effects:
Like all chemotherapy medications, Tab Trifluridine/Tipiracil can cause side effects Common side effects include:
 Low blood counts (eg, neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia): These can lead to increased risk of infections, bleeding, and fatigue Nausea and vomiting Fatigue or weakness Loss of appetite Diarrhea Fever or infectionrelated symptoms Mouth sores (stomatitis) Abdominal pain Rash Elevated liver enzymes
Serious side effects include:
 Severe infections: Because trifluridine/tipiracil can lower white blood cell counts, it can increase the risk of serious infections Severe bleeding: A drop in platelet count can lead to an increased risk of bruising and bleeding Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances from severe diarrhea or vomiting Liver dysfunction: Rare cases of liver problems, such as hepatitis, have been reported
 Contraindications:
Tab Trifluridine/Tipiracil should not be used in:
 Patients with known hypersensitivity or allergy to trifluridine, tipiracil, or any component of the tablet Severe bone marrow suppression (eg, severe neutropenia, anemia, or thrombocytopenia) Severe liver disease or liver dysfunction   Special Precautions:
 Blood Cell Count Monitoring: Trifluridine/Tipiracil can cause low white blood cell count (neutropenia), anemia, and low platelet counts Regular blood tests are required to monitor blood counts during treatment 

Everolimus 5 mg Tablets - Medical Description
Generic Name: Everolimus  Brand Name: Afinitor, among others.
Formulation:  Everolimus is available in oral tablet form, typically in strengths of 5 mg, and is taken once daily.
Indications:  Everolimus is an immunosuppressive drug primarily used for:- Cancer Treatment: It is used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as advanced renal cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and breast cancer (hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative).- Organ Transplantation: It is used as part of immunosuppressive therapy to prevent organ rejection in kidney, liver, or heart transplant recipients.- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC): It is used for the treatment of patients with TSC, especially in the case of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGA) and other associated conditions.
Mechanism of Action:  Everolimus is an mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor. It works by blocking the mTOR pathway, which is involved in the growth and division of cells. This inhibition prevents cancer cell proliferation, and in the case of organ transplantation, it helps suppress the immune system to prevent rejection.
Dosage and Administration:  The typical dose of Everolimus varies depending on the condition being treated:- Cancer treatment: Usually starts at 10 mg daily, adjusted based on tolerability and therapeutic response.- Transplantation: The usual dose is 0.75 mg to 1 mg daily, based on blood concentration monitoring.- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC): Dosage typically starts at 2.5 mg per day.
It is advised to take the tablet at the same time every day, with or without food, and swallow it whole without crushing or chewing.
Side Effects:  Common side effects of Everolimus may include:- Mouth sores- Diarrhea- Rash- Fatigue- Decreased appetite- Elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia)- Elevated liver enzymes- Infections due to immune suppression
Precautions and Warnings:- Infections: Everolimus can lower the immune system's ability to fight infections, so patients should avoid contact with sick individuals and report any symptoms of infection.- Liver function: Liver function should be monitored during treatment due to potential liver toxicity.- Blood Counts: Regular blood tests are necessary to monitor blood cell counts and kidney function.- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: It should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding as it may harm the unborn baby.- Interaction with Other Medications: Everolimus can interact with other medications, especially those affecting the cytochrome P450 system (e.g., certain antifungals, antibiotics, and anticonvulsants). Always inform the doctor about other medications being taken.
Conclusion:  Everolimus is a potent medication used in the treatment of specific cancers, organ transplant maintenance, and certain genetic disorders like TSC. Patients taking Everolimus should be closely monitored for potential side effects and drug interactions.

Inj PEGGRASTIM 6MG is a pegfilgrastim Injection, a recombinant human granulocyte colonystimulating factor (GCSF) that is modified to have a longer duration of action compared to filgrastim Pegfilgrastim is used to stimulate the production of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, which can help reduce the risk of infections in patients undergoing chemotherapy
 Medical Description: Generic Name: Pegfilgrastim   Brand Name: PEGGRASTIM   Form: Injectable solution (subcutaneous Injection)   Strength: 6 mg per Injection   Administration Route: Subcutaneous Injection   Indication:     Primarily used to reduce the risk of infection in chemotherapyinduced neutropenia in patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer treatment   It can help increase neutrophil counts to prevent infections, which is a common complication due to the suppression of bone marrow function caused by chemotherapy   Mechanism of Action: Pegfilgrastim is a pegylated form of filgrastim The pegylation (attachment of polyethylene glycol molecules) slows down the clearance of the drug from the bloodstream, resulting in a longer halflife and allowing for less frequent administration compared to regular filgrastim It works by stimulating the bone marrow to produce neutrophils, which are essential for fighting bacterial infections
 Dosing: The typical dosing schedule involves a single 6 mg dose administered subcutaneously per chemotherapy cycle, generally given 24–72 hours after chemotherapy The exact dosing regimen may vary based on the patient’s medical condition and the chemotherapy regimen
 Side Effects: Common side effects include:   Bone pain (due to increased white blood cell production)   Injection site reactions (pain, redness, or swelling)   Fatigue   Headache   Musculoskeletal pain   Fever and chills  

Inj Bevacizumab 400mg is an Injectable medication containing bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody used primarily in the treatment of various types of cancer Bevacizumab works by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that promotes the growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis) By blocking VEGF, bevacizumab prevents the growth of blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to tumors, thereby slowing or stopping tumor growth
 Medical Description:
 Generic Name: Bevacizumab   Brand Name: Avastin (among others) Form: Injectable solution for intravenous (IV) infusion Strength: 400 mg per vial
 Indication:Bevacizumab is used for the treatment of several cancers, either as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs The main indications include:
1 Colorectal Cancer: Used in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer2 NonSmall Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Often used in combination with chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic NSCLC3 Renal Cell Carcinoma: For metastatic renal cell carcinoma, often in combination with other treatments4 Ovarian Cancer: In combination with chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer5 Cervical Cancer: Used in combination with chemotherapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer6 Glioblastoma: For the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (a type of brain cancer), as part of a combination regimen
 Mechanism of Action:Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to vascular endothelial growth factorA (VEGFA), a protein that plays a critical role in angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) By binding to VEGFA, bevacizumab prevents VEGF from interacting with its receptors on the surface of endothelial cells (cells that line blood vessels) This inhibits blood vessel formation, which is essential for tumor growth and metastasis, and limits the tumor's ability to grow and spread
 Administration: Route: Bevacizumab is administered through an intravenous (IV) infusion Dosing: The usual recommended dose of bevacizumab is typically 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg of body weight every two or three weeks, depending on the cancer being treated and whether it is being used alone or with other chemotherapy agents   400 mg is often a dose used for larger patients or as part of a specific combination regimen The infusion time may vary, but it is typically administered over 30 to 90 minutes, depending on the dose and the patient's response
 Side Effects: Common Side Effects:   Hypertension (high blood pressure)   Fatigue   Diarrhea   Mouth sores (stomatitis)   Decreased appetite   Nausea and vomiting   Proteinuria (presence of excess protein in the urine)

Tab Pablocilib 125mg is a medication that contains Pablociclib, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor used primarily in the treatment of certain types of breast cancer
 Active Ingredient: Pablociclib (125 mg per tablet): Pablociclib is a targeted therapy that inhibits the activity of cyclindependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), enzymes involved in cell cycle regulation By inhibiting CDK4/6, Pablociclib interferes with the ability of cancer cells to divide and proliferate, which helps slow down or stop tumor growth
 Mechanism of Action:Pablociclib works by blocking the CDK4/6 pathways, which are crucial for the transition of the cell cycle from the G1 phase to the S phase This inhibition results in cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, preventing the proliferation of cancer cells By targeting the CDK4/6 pathway, Pablociclib has a specific effect on cancer cells, making it an effective therapy for tumors that depend on this pathway for growth
 Indications: Hormone ReceptorPositive, HER2Negative Breast Cancer:    Pablociclib is used in combination with letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor) or fulvestrant (an estrogen receptor antagonist) to treat advanced or metastatic hormone receptorpositive, HER2negative breast cancer in postmenopausal women or men    It is commonly used in firstline therapy for metastatic breast cancer or for patients who have previously been treated with endocrine therapy
 Dosage and Administration: The typical starting dose for Pablociclib is 125 mg once daily for 21 consecutive days followed by a 7day break (a 28day cycle) It is taken orally with or without food The dose may be adjusted depending on the patient's tolerance and any adverse effects experienced during treatment
 Contraindications: Hypersensitivity: Pablociclib is contraindicated in patients who have a known hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to Pablociclib or any component of the formulation It is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (liver disease) as it may affect the metabolism and clearance of the drug
 Precautions: Neutropenia: Pablociclib can cause significant neutropenia (low white blood cell count), increasing the risk of infections Regular monitoring of blood counts is essential during treatment Hepatic impairment: Caution is required for patients with mild to moderate liver dysfunction, and dose adjustments may be necessary Pulmonary toxicity: Rarely, patients may experience respiratory problems; prompt evaluation is necessary if symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain occur Drug interactions: Pablociclib is metabolized by the liver enzyme CYP3A, and drugs that either inhibit or induce this enzyme may affect the levels of Pablociclib in the body Caution is advised when used with other medications that affect CYP3A activity
 Side Effects: Common Side Effects:    Neutropenia (low white blood cell count) leading to a higher risk of infection    Fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and decreased appetite    Mouth sores or stomatitis    Anemia and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) Serious Side Effects:    Infections due to neutropenia (which can be severe or lifethreatening)    Pulmonary complications (eg, interstitial lung disease or pneumonitis)    Liver enzyme elevations or liver toxicity
 Mechanism of Action:Pablociclib works by targeting and inhibiting cyclindependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), enzymes that play a key role in regulating the cell cycle, specifically the progression of cells from the G1 phase to the S phase By preventing this transition, Pablociclib arrests the cell cycle in the G1 phase, thereby inhibiting the uncontrolled cell division typical of cancer This selective action helps limit the growth of hormone receptorpositive breast cancer cells

Inj Cefoperazone + Sulbactam 1.5 gm – Medical Overview

Generic Name: Cefoperazone (1.5 gm) + Sulbactam (0.5 gm)

Brand Names: Ceforep-SB, Sulbacef, Cefpobact, among others([1mg][1])

Manufacturer: Various, including Blue Cross Laboratories, Novo Lilly, and Mediday

Drug Class: Second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic (Cefoperazone) combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor (Sulbactam)

Formulation: Powder for intravenous (IV) or deep intramuscular (IM) injection

-

Mechanism of Action

Cefoperazone is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell death. Sulbactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor that protects cefoperazone from degradation by bacterial enzymes, thereby enhancing its antibacterial activity. This combination is effective against a wide range of gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria.

-

Indications

Inj Cefoperazone + Sulbactam 1.5 gm is used to treat various bacterial infections, including:

Lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis)

Urinary tract infections (e.g., pyelonephritis)

Skin and soft tissue infections (e.g., cellulitis, wound infections)

Intra-abdominal infections (e.g., peritonitis)

Gynecological infections (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease)

Surgical prophylaxis to prevent infections during procedures such as gastrointestinal, orthopedic, cardiovascular, and gynecological surgeries

-

Dosage and Administration

Route of Administration: Intravenous (IV) infusion or deep intramuscular (IM) injection

Dosage: Typically, 1.5 gm every 8–12 hours, depending on the severity of the infection and patient condition.

Administration: IV infusion over 30–60 minutes or deep IM injection. For doses >1.5 gm, IV administration is preferred. If reconstituted with lidocaine, do not administer IV.

-

Side Effects

Common side effects may include:

Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site

Nausea or vomiting

Diarrhea

Rash

Serious side effects requiring immediate medical attention:

Severe allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis)

Seizures

Severe skin reactions (e.g., blistering, peeling)

Persistent diarrhea, which may indicate Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

Unusual bleeding or bruising

Dark urine or jaundice

Difficulty breathing or swallowing

-

Precautions and Warnings

Allergy: Avoid use if allergic to cephalosporins, penicillins, or sulbactam.

Renal Impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment; dose adjustments may be necessary.

Hepatic Impairment: Use with caution in patients with liver dysfunction; monitor liver function during treatment.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Use only if prescribed by a healthcare provider after assessing the benefits over risks.

Drug Interactions: May interact with other medications; inform your doctor of all medicines being taken.

Alcohol: Avoid alcohol consumption during treatment, as it may cause adverse effects.

Antibiotic Resistance: Complete the full course of treatment to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

-

Storage

Temperature: Store below 30°C.

Protection: Keep in the original packaging to protect from light.

Disposal: Dispose of unused medication as per healthcare provider's instructions.

Monocef 1gm Injection: Medical Overview

Monocef 1gm Injection is a cephalosporin-class antibiotic containing Ceftriaxone 1g, manufactured by Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd. It is used to treat various bacterial infections and is administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional.([MedPay][1])

-

Indications

Monocef 1gm Injection is prescribed for:

Meningitis (brain infection)
Pneumonia (lung infection)
Otitis media (middle ear infection)
Urinary tract infections
Skin and soft tissue infections
Bone and joint infections
Sepsis (bloodstream infection)
Endocarditis (heart valve infection)
Perioperative prophylaxis to prevent surgical infections

It is administered via intravenous (IV) infusion or intramuscular (IM) injection

-

⚙️ Mechanism of Action

Ceftriaxone, the active ingredient, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to bacterial cell death. It is effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ([Sastimedic][2])

-

💉 Dosage and Administration

Route: Intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injection
Dosage: Determined by the healthcare provider based on the infection type and patient condition
Frequency: Typically administered once or twice daily
Duration: Course length varies; complete the full course as prescribed([GetOMeds][3])

Do not self-administer; always follow the healthcare provider's instructions.

-

⚠️ Contraindications

Monocef 1gm Injection should not be used in:

Patients with a known allergy to ceftriaxone or other cephalosporins
Newborns with hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice
Neonates requiring calcium treatment due to risk of precipitate formation ([Sastimedic][2])

-

⚠️ Precautions

Use with caution in patients with:

Renal or hepatic impairment
History of gastrointestinal diseases, especially colitis
Concurrent use of other nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic drugs

Monitor for signs of superinfection or allergic reactions during therapy.

-

💊 Side Effects

Common side effects include:

Diarrhea
Rash
Injection site reactions
Elevated liver enzymes
Changes in blood cell counts (e.g., eosinophilia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)([MedPay][1], [GetOMeds][3])

Serious adverse effects may include:

Anaphylaxis
Severe gastrointestinal reactions (e.g., pseudomembranous colitis)
Nephrotoxicity when combined with certain other medications ([Sastimedic][2])

Seek immediate medical attention if any severe reactions occur.

-

💰 Price and Availability

The price of Monocef 1gm Injection varies:([PharmEasy][4])

PharmEasy: ₹53.10
GetOMeds: ₹55.90
SastiMedic: ₹52.35([PharmEasy][4], [Apollo Pharmacy][5], [Sastimedic][2])

Prices are approximate and may vary by retailer. ([PharmEasy][4])

-

✅ Summary

Monocef 1gm Injection is an effective antibiotic for treating various bacterial infections. It is important to use this medication under medical supervision, adhere to prescribed dosages, and complete the full course of therapy to ensure efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance.([1mg][6])

-

Inj Clindamycin – Medical Overview

Generic Name: Clindamycin

Brand Names: Cleocin Phosphate, Cleocin, Dalacin C, among others

Manufacturer: Various, including Pfizer, Pharmacia, and others

Drug Class: Lincomycin antibiotic([MedlinePlus][1])

Formulation: Powder for intravenous (IV) or deep intramuscular (IM) injection

-

Mechanism of Action

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing bacterial growth. It is effective against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria.

-

Indications

Inj Clindamycin is used to treat various bacterial infections, including:

Skin and soft tissue infections

Respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, empyema)

Bone and joint infections([MedlinePlus][1])

Pelvic infections (e.g., endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease)

Intra-abdominal infections

Septicemia([MedlinePlus][1])

Malaria (in combination with quinine)

Toxoplasmosis (in immunocompromised patients)

Anthrax (as part of combination therapy)

-

Dosage and Administration

Adults:

IM or IV administration
For serious infections: 600–1200 mg/day in 2–4 divided doses
For more severe infections: 1200–2700 mg/day in 2–4 divided doses
In life-threatening situations, doses up to 4800 mg/day may be administered IV([Pfizer Medical Info][2])

Pediatric Patients:

Dosage is based on weight and severity of infection; typically 20–40 mg/kg/day in 3–4 divided doses

Administration:

IV infusion over 10–60 minutes
IM injection should be undiluted

-

Side Effects

Common side effects may include:

Pain or swelling at the injection site
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea
Rash

Serious side effects requiring immediate medical attention:

Severe allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis)
Severe diarrhea (may indicate Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea)
Jaundice or dark urine
Skin reactions (e.g., blistering, peeling)
Difficulty breathing or swallowing

-

Precautions and Warnings

Colitis Risk: Clindamycin has been associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, which can be severe or life-threatening. Discontinue therapy if significant diarrhea occurs.&#x20;

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported. Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity during treatment.&#x20;

Renal and Hepatic Impairment: Use with caution in patients with liver or kidney dysfunction; dosage adjustments may be necessary.&#x20;

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Use only if clearly needed and prescribed by a healthcare provider. Clindamycin is excreted in breast milk; exercise caution when administering to nursing mothers.&#x20;

-

Storage

Temperature: Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture.

Reconstitution: Follow manufacturer's instructions for reconstitution and dilution.

Disposal: Dispose of unused medication as per healthcare provider's instructions.

-

Polymyxin B – Medical Description

Generic Name: Polymyxin B
Drug Class: Polymyxins (antibiotic)
Route: Intravenous (IV), Intrathecal (in special cases), Topical
Common Brands: Poly-B, Poly-Rx, or generic Polymyxin B sulfate

-

What is Polymyxin B?

Polymyxin B is a bactericidal antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, especially when other antibiotics are ineffective. It is structurally and functionally similar to Colistin (Polymyxin E) but is often preferred in systemic infections because of its more predictable pharmacokinetics.

-

Mechanism of Action

Binds to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
Disrupts cell membrane integrity, leading to leakage of cellular contents and cell death

-

Indications

Polymyxin B is used for:

Bloodstream infections (sepsis)
Pneumonia (especially ventilator-associated)
Urinary tract infections
Meningitis (intrathecal use in rare cases)
Topical use for skin, eye, or ear infections (as part of combination ointments/drops)

Common pathogens:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumannii
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter spp.

-

Dosage (IV Form)

Typical dose:
15,000 to 25,000 units/kg/day, divided into 2 doses
Route: IV infusion over 60 minutes
Renal adjustment: Not required, but caution in patients with renal impairment
Note: Polymyxin B is dosed in units, not mg. (1 mg ≈ 10,000 units)

-

Warnings & Precautions

Nephrotoxicity: Risk of acute kidney injury, especially with prolonged use
Neurotoxicity: Dizziness, ataxia, paresthesias, or even neuromuscular blockade (rare)
Caution: Avoid concurrent use with other nephrotoxic or neurotoxic drugs

-

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to polymyxin B or other polymyxins

-

Side Effects

Common:

Pain or swelling at injection site
Dizziness
Numbness or tingling

Serious:

Acute kidney injury
Neuromuscular blockade (e.g., respiratory paralysis)
Seizures (rare)

-

Monitoring

Renal function (creatinine, BUN) at baseline and during therapy
Neurologic status (in long-term use)
Drug levels (in some centers, though not routine)

-

Summary

Polymyxin B is a potent last-line antibiotic for serious infections caused by MDR Gram-negative organisms. Though effective, it requires careful monitoring due to risks of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. It is often used in ICU settings or when resistant infections fail to respond to safer options.

Zavicefta 2.5g is a combination antibiotic containing ceftazidime (2 g) and avibactam (0.5 g). It is used to treat serious infections caused by aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, especially in patients with limited treatment options.

-

💊 Indications

Zavicefta is indicated for:

Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI)
Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI), including pyelonephritis
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
Bacteremia associated with any of the above infections
Infections due to aerobic Gram-negative organisms in patients with limited treatment options

Note: For cIAI, Zavicefta should be used in combination with metronidazole to cover anaerobic pathogens. 

-

💉 Dosage and Administration

Adults with normal renal function (CrCl >50 mL/min):

2.5 g (2 g ceftazidime + 0.5 g avibactam) IV every 8 hours
Infusion time: 2 hours
Treatment duration:

cIAI: 5–14 days
cUTI: 7–14 days
HAP/VAP: 7–14 days(

Renal Impairment Adjustments:

| Estimated CrCl (mL/min) | Dose (ceftazidime/avibactam) | Frequency |
| - | | |
| 31–50 | 1.25 g / 0.25 g | Every 8 hours |
| 16–30 | 0.75 g / 0.1875 g | Every 12 hours |
| 6–15 | 0.75 g / 0.1875 g | Every 24 hours |
| ≤5 | 0.75 g / 0.1875 g | Every 48 hours |

Administer after hemodialysis on dialysis days. (

-

👶 Pediatric Dosing (Ages ≥6 months)

CrCl >50 mL/min/1.73 m²:([Mims][2])

50 mg/kg ceftazidime / 12.5 mg/kg avibactam IV every 8 hours
Maximum dose: 2 g / 0.5 g
Infusion time: 2 hours
Treatment duration:

cIAI & cUTI: 5–14 days
HAP/VAP: 7–14 days([Mims][2], 

Dosing adjustments for renal impairment in pediatric patients are based on estimated CrCl and are detailed in the prescribing information.&#x20;

-

⚠️ Important Considerations

Reconstitution: Add 10 mL of compatible IV solution (e.g., sterile water for injection, 0.9% sodium chloride) to the vial.
Dilution: Withdraw appropriate volume and dilute to a final volume of 50–250 mL in a compatible IV infusion bag.
Administration: Infuse over 2 hours.
Compatibility: Use the same IV solution for dilution as used for reconstitution, except for sterile water. 

-

💊 Side Effects

Common side effects may include:

Diarrhea
Nausea
Headache
Elevated liver enzymes

Serious side effects, though rare, can include:

Severe allergic reactions
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Severe skin reactions

Consult your healthcare provider for a complete list of potential side effects. 

-

If you need assistance with specific dosing adjustments or have further questions, feel free to ask.

Fosfomycin 4gm injection: Medical Overview

Fosfomycin is an antibiotic used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly acute cystitis, caused by susceptible bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. It is available in a 3g sachet form, typically under brand names like Monurol or Fosfocin.

-
Indications

Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis: In women aged 18 and older.
Perioperative Prophylaxis: For preventing UTIs during certain urological procedures.

-

Mechanism of Action

Fosfomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inactivating the enzyme enolpyruvyl transferase, leading to bactericidal activity. It also reduces bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells.

-

Dosage and Administration

Adults: 4gm injection as recommended by a physician
Administration Timing: as recommneded by the treating physician
Preparation: Dissolve in saline as recommended by the treating doctor

-

Contraindications and Precautions

Renal Impairment: Not recommended for patients with severe renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <10 mL/min).
Hypersensitivity: Contraindicated in individuals allergic to fosfomycin or any excipients.
Pregnancy and Lactation: Use only if clearly needed; discuss with a healthcare provider. 

-

Side Effects

Common: Diarrhea, nausea, headache, dizziness, indigestion, vaginal discharge or itching, skin rash, increased heart rate, difficulty breathing
Serious: Severe allergic reactions, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.

-

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Well absorbed after oral administration.
Distribution: Widely distributed in body fluids.
Half-life: Approximately 4–6 hours; prolonged in renal impairment. 

-

Storage

Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Shelf Life: Do not use after the expiry date indicated on the packaging.

-

Alburel 20% Injection is a human albumin solution used primarily as a plasma volume expander. It is administered intravenously under medical supervision to restore and maintain circulating blood volume in various clinical conditions.

-

Composition

Active Ingredient: Human Albumin (20% w/v)
Formulation: Sterile solution for intravenous infusion
Manufacturer: Reliance Life Sciences ([1mg][1], [Amari Trade Alliance LLP][2])

-

Indications

Alburel 20% Injection is utilized in the following clinical scenarios:

Hypovolemia: To treat low blood volume due to trauma, surgery, or burns.
Hypoalbuminemia: To address low albumin levels in conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, burns, or cirrhosis.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery: To maintain blood volume during heart surgeries.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn: To manage blood volume in newborns with this condition. ([1mg][3], [Netmeds][4])

-

Mechanism of Action

Human albumin is a major plasma protein that helps maintain oncotic pressure, which is crucial for the proper distribution of body fluids between blood vessels and tissues. By increasing plasma volume, Alburel 20% Injection aids in restoring circulatory volume and improving tissue perfusion.&#x20;

-

Dosage and Administration

Route of Administration: Intravenous infusion only.
Dosage: Determined by a healthcare professional based on the patient's condition, body weight, and clinical response.
Administration Rate: Infusion should be administered slowly to monitor for potential adverse reactions.&#x20;

-

Contraindications

Alburel 20% Injection is contraindicated in patients with:

Severe anemia
Heart failure with normal or increased intravascular volume
Hypersensitivity to human albumin or any of the excipients ([Netmeds][4], [PharmEasy][5])

-

Precautions

Use with caution in patients with:

Hypertension
Kidney or liver disorders
Coagulation abnormalities
History of allergic reactions

Regular monitoring of vital signs, electrolyte levels, and fluid balance is recommended during administration.&#x20;

-

Side Effects

Common side effects may include:

Fever
Chills
Nausea and vomiting
Flushing
Rash
Injection site reactions([PharmEasy][6], [Amari Trade Alliance LLP][2], [Apollo Pharmacy][7])

Serious adverse reactions, though rare, can include anaphylactic reactions and circulatory overload. Immediate medical attention is required if these occur. ([ANJANI MEDICAL][8])

-

Price and Availability

The price of Alburel 20% Injection varies:

Netmeds: ₹6446.20 for 100ml&#x20;
PharmEasy: ₹2816.00 for 50ml ([PharmEasy][5], [Netmeds][4])

Prices may vary based on the retailer and location.

-

Vancomycin 500mg Injection is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-positive organisms. It is often reserved for infections that are resistant to other antibiotics or when other treatments are not suitable.

-

💊 Medical Description

Active Ingredient:

Vancomycin hydrochloride

Formulation:

Injection (500mg per vial)

-

Mechanism of Action:

Vancomycin works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to the D-alanine-D-alanine portion of the bacterial cell wall precursor, preventing the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links and thus halting cell wall synthesis. This leads to bacterial cell lysis and death.

-

Indications:

Vancomycin is used to treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections
Severe skin and soft tissue infections caused by Gram-positive organisms
Endocarditis, particularly in patients with allergies to beta-lactam antibiotics
Bone and joint infections (osteomyelitis)
Pneumonia, including hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
Bacteremia caused by Gram-positive bacteria
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (oral vancomycin)

-

Dosage and Administration:

For Adults:

The usual initial dose for serious infections is 500mg to 1.5g every 12 hours (IV).
For severe infections, doses may be increased based on the infection severity and the patient’s weight.
IV infusion should be administered over a minimum of 60 minutes to prevent "Red Man Syndrome" (a histamine-related reaction).
Loading doses may be required for critically ill patients.

For Pediatric Patients:

Pediatric doses are based on the child’s weight, typically around 10-15 mg/kg every 6 to 8 hours.

Renal Adjustment:

Vancomycin is primarily eliminated through the kidneys. Patients with impaired renal function may require dosage adjustments to avoid toxicity.

-

Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption: Vancomycin is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; therefore, it is administered intravenously or, in the case of C. difficile, orally.
Distribution: It distributes widely in body fluids, including pleural, pericardial, synovial, and ascitic fluids.
Half-life: Approximately 4 to 6 hours, but can be prolonged in patients with renal impairment.

-

Side Effects:

Common side effects may include:

Red Man Syndrome (flushing, rash, and hypotension, especially when infused too quickly)
Phlebitis (inflammation of the vein)
Nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), particularly with prolonged therapy or high doses
Ototoxicity (hearing loss), though rare

Serious adverse effects include:

Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (from prolonged use)

-

Precautions:

Renal Impairment: Caution is required in patients with kidney problems, as vancomycin is primarily excreted through the kidneys.
Monitoring: Regular monitoring of serum vancomycin levels is recommended to avoid toxicity, particularly in patients with renal issues.
Infusion Rate: To minimize the risk of Red Man Syndrome, vancomycin should be infused over at least 60 minutes. Slower infusion rates may be necessary for patients at high risk of this reaction.

-

Compatibility:

Vancomycin can be administered intravenously with saline or dextrose solutions, but it should not be mixed with other medications in the same IV line unless compatibility is confirmed.

-