Opsan Healthtech Private Limited

Inj Denosumab 120mg (brand name Prolia for osteoporosis or Xgeva for cancerrelated bone conditions) is a monoclonal antibody that is used in the treatment of bonerelated conditions It works by inhibiting RANK ligand, a protein that plays a key role in the formation, function, and survival of osteoclasts, which are responsible for breaking down bone tissue
 Medical Description:
 Generic Name: Denosumab   Brand Names: Prolia (for osteoporosis), Xgeva (for cancerrelated conditions)   Form: Injectable solution for subcutaneous (SC) Injection   Strength: 120 mg per 1 mL (singledose prefilled syringe)  
 Indications:Denosumab 120mg is primarily used for the following conditions:
1 Osteoporosis:    Denosumab is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men at high risk of fractures    It is used to reduce the risk of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures    For men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer, and for women receiving aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer, denosumab helps to prevent bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
2 Bone Metastases from Cancer:    Denosumab is used in the treatment of bone metastases from cancers like breast cancer, prostate cancer, and other solid tumors It helps reduce skeletalrelated events (SREs) such as fractures, the need for radiation or surgery to the bone, and spinal cord compression    It is used in cancer patients with bone metastases to prevent complications that can arise due to bone destruction caused by metastatic tumor cells
3 Giant Cell Tumor of Bone:    Denosumab is indicated for the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) in adults and skeletally mature adolescents who are not candidates for surgery or for whom surgery is not an option It helps to reduce the size of the tumor and prevent recurrence
4 Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (for Xgeva only):    Denosumab is also used for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy that does not respond to conventional treatments, helping to lower calcium levels in the blood
 Mechanism of Action:Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets and binds to RANK ligand (RANKL), a protein involved in the regulation of bone metabolism By binding to RANKL, denosumab prevents it from interacting with its receptor, RANK, on the surface of osteoclasts and their precursors This action inhibits the formation, function, and survival of osteoclasts, leading to decreased bone resorption and increased bone density
In cancerrelated conditions, denosumab reduces the activity of osteoclasts in bone metastases, helping to prevent bone complications associated with cancer growth in the bones
 Administration: Route: Subcutaneous (SC) Injection Dose:    Osteoporosis: Denosumab is typically administered as a 120 mg Injection once every 6 months    Bone Metastases from Cancer: The dose is typically 120 mg every 4 weeks    Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: The standard dose is 120 mg every 4 weeks    Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (Xgeva): Denosumab is administered 120 mg every 4 weeks as a subcutaneous Injection
 Injection Sites: The Injection should be given into the subcutaneous tissue of the upper arm, thigh, or abdomen It is important to rotate the Injection sites to avoid irritation
 Side Effects:Denosumab may cause side effects, some of which are common and others more serious Here are the most notable ones:
 Common Side Effects:    Back pain    Pain in the arms or legs    Muscle pain    Nausea    Fatigue    Headache    Joint pain    Diarrhea
 

Romiplostim 250 mcg Injection – Platelet Production Booster 🔬 What is Romiplostim?

Romiplostim (brand name Nplate) is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPO-RA) used to treat chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) — a condition where the body’s immune system destroys platelets, increasing bleeding risk.

🧬 Mechanism of Action:

Romiplostim mimics the body’s natural thrombopoietin by binding to and activating the TPO receptor on bone marrow cells. This stimulates the production and maturation of megakaryocytes, which release platelets, thereby raising platelet counts.

✅ Indications:

• Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) in adults and children unresponsive to first-line therapies (e.g., steroids, IVIG, splenectomy)

• Sometimes used off-label in chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia or aplastic anemia

⚠️ Common Side Effects:

• Headache

• Joint/muscle pain

• Fatigue

• Dizziness

• Increased risk of blood clots if platelet count rises too high

Serious (rare):

• Bone marrow fibrosis (with long-term use)

• Rebound thrombocytopenia on discontinuation

• Hypersensitivity reactions

💰 Cost Estimate:

• Global price: ~$1,500–$2,000 per 250 mcg vial

• India price: ~$31 per vial (depending on brand and source)

Tazact 4.5 gm Injection – Medical Overview

Generic Name: Piperacillin (4.0 g) + Tazobactam (0.5 g)
Brand Name: Tazact
Manufacturer: Cipla Ltd
Drug Class: Penicillin-class antibiotic combination
Formulation: Powder for intravenous (IV) infusion([PharmEasy][1])

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Mechanism of Action

Tazact combines two agents:

Piperacillin: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell death.([Lifes Pharma][2])

Tazobactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor that protects piperacillin from degradation by bacterial enzymes, thereby enhancing its antibacterial activity.([1mg][3])

This combination is effective against a wide range of gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria. ([Apollo Pharmacy][4])

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Indications

Tazact 4.5 gm Injection is used to treat various bacterial infections, including:([Apollo Pharmacy][4])

Lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia)

Urinary tract infections

Intra-abdominal infections (e.g., peritonitis, appendicitis)

Skin and soft tissue infections([Apollo Pharmacy][4])

Gynecological infections (e.g., uterine infections)

Sepsis

It is also used in children aged 2–12 years for abdominal infections such as appendicitis and peritonitis. ([PharmEasy][1])

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Dosage and Administration

Route of Administration: Intravenous infusion

Dosage: Determined by a healthcare professional based on the infection type and patient condition

Frequency: Typically administered every 6–8 hours, depending on the severity of the infection

Tazact 4.5 gm Injection should be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional. ([1mg][3])

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Common Side Effects

Nausea

Vomiting([1mg][3])

Diarrhea

Rash

Injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness)

Most side effects are mild and transient. Consult a doctor if side effects persist or worsen. ([1mg][3])

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Precautions and Warnings

Allergy: Avoid use if allergic to piperacillin, tazobactam, or other beta-lactam antibiotics.([PharmEasy][1])

Kidney Function: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment; dose adjustments may be necessary.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Use only if prescribed by a doctor after assessing the benefits over risks.([PharmEasy][1])

Drug Interactions: May interact with other medications; inform your doctor of all medicines being taken.

Antibiotic Resistance: Complete the full course of treatment to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ([Apollo Pharmacy][4])

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Storage

Temperature: Store below 30°C([1mg][3])

Protection: Keep in the original packaging to protect from light([1mg][3])

Disposal: Dispose of unused medication as per healthcare provider's instructions. ([1mg][3])

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Monocef 2gm Injection: Medical Overview

Monocef 2gm Injection is a cephalosporin-class antibiotic containing Ceftriaxone 2g, manufactured by Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd. It is used to treat various bacterial infections and is administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional.([MedPay][1])

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Indications

Monocef 2gm Injection is prescribed for:

Meningitis (brain infection)
Pneumonia (lung infection)
Otitis media (middle ear infection)
Urinary tract infections
Skin and soft tissue infections
Bone and joint infections
Sepsis (bloodstream infection)
Endocarditis (heart valve infection)
Perioperative prophylaxis to prevent surgical infections

It is administered via intravenous (IV) infusion or intramuscular (IM) injection

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⚙️ Mechanism of Action

Ceftriaxone, the active ingredient, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to bacterial cell death. It is effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ([Sastimedic][2])

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💉 Dosage and Administration

Route: Intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injection
Dosage: Determined by the healthcare provider based on the infection type and patient condition
Frequency: Typically administered once or twice daily
Duration: Course length varies; complete the full course as prescribed([GetOMeds][3])

Do not self-administer; always follow the healthcare provider's instructions.

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⚠️ Contraindications

Monocef 2gm Injection should not be used in:

Patients with a known allergy to ceftriaxone or other cephalosporins
Newborns with hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice
Neonates requiring calcium treatment due to risk of precipitate formation ([Sastimedic][2])

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⚠️ Precautions

Use with caution in patients with:

Renal or hepatic impairment
History of gastrointestinal diseases, especially colitis
Concurrent use of other nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic drugs

Monitor for signs of superinfection or allergic reactions during therapy.

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💊 Side Effects

Common side effects include:

Diarrhea
Rash
Injection site reactions
Elevated liver enzymes
Changes in blood cell counts (e.g., eosinophilia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)([MedPay][1], [GetOMeds][3])

Serious adverse effects may include:

Anaphylaxis
Severe gastrointestinal reactions (e.g., pseudomembranous colitis)
Nephrotoxicity when combined with certain other medications ([Sastimedic][2])

Seek immediate medical attention if any severe reactions occur.

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💰 Price and Availability

The price of Monocef 2gm Injection varies:([PharmEasy][4])

PharmEasy: ₹253.10
GetOMeds: ₹255.90
SastiMedic: ₹252.35([PharmEasy][4], [Apollo Pharmacy][5], [Sastimedic][2])

Prices are approximate and may vary by retailer. ([PharmEasy][4])

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✅ Summary

Monocef 2gm Injection is an effective antibiotic for treating various bacterial infections. It is important to use this medication under medical supervision, adhere to prescribed dosages, and complete the full course of therapy to ensure efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance.([1mg][6])

Inj Clindamycin – Medical Overview

Generic Name: Clindamycin

Brand Names: Cleocin Phosphate, Cleocin, Dalacin C, among others

Manufacturer: Various, including Pfizer, Pharmacia, and others

Drug Class: Lincomycin antibiotic

Formulation: Powder for intravenous (IV) or deep intramuscular (IM) injection

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Mechanism of Action

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing bacterial growth. It is effective against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria.

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Indications

Inj Clindamycin is used to treat various bacterial infections, including:

Skin and soft tissue infections

Respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, empyema)

Bone and joint infections

Pelvic infections (e.g., endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease)

Intra-abdominal infections

Septicemia

Malaria (in combination with quinine)

Toxoplasmosis (in immunocompromised patients)

Anthrax (as part of combination therapy)

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Dosage and Administration

Adults:

IM or IV administration
For serious infections: 600–1200 mg/day in 2–4 divided doses
For more severe infections: 1200–2700 mg/day in 2–4 divided doses
In life-threatening situations, doses up to 4800 mg/day may be administered IV([Pfizer Medical Info

Pediatric Patients:

Dosage is based on weight and severity of infection; typically 20–40 mg/kg/day in 3–4 divided doses

Administration:

IV infusion over 10–60 minutes
IM injection should be undiluted

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Side Effects

Common side effects may include:

Pain or swelling at the injection site
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea
Rash

Serious side effects requiring immediate medical attention:

Severe allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis)
Severe diarrhea (may indicate Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea)
Jaundice or dark urine
Skin reactions (e.g., blistering, peeling)
Difficulty breathing or swallowing

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Precautions and Warnings

Colitis Risk: Clindamycin has been associated with an increased risk of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, which can be severe or life-threatening. Discontinue therapy if significant diarrhea occurs.

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported. Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity during treatment.

Renal and Hepatic Impairment: Use with caution in patients with liver or kidney dysfunction; dosage adjustments may be necessary.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Use only if clearly needed and prescribed by a healthcare provider. Clindamycin is excreted in breast milk; exercise caution when administering to nursing mothers.

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Storage

Temperature: Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture.

Reconstitution: Follow manufacturer's instructions for reconstitution and dilution.

Disposal: Dispose of unused medication as per healthcare provider's instructions.

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Linezolid: Medical Overview

Linezolid is an antibiotic belonging to the oxazolidinone class, primarily used to treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. It is effective against multi-drug resistant organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE).

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Indications

Linezolid is prescribed for:

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Nosocomial pneumonia
Complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSSI)
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections
Other infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria 

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Mechanism of Action

Linezolid inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit, preventing the formation of a functional 70S initiation complex. This action is bacteriostatic against staphylococci and enterococci and bactericidal against most streptococci. It does not affect Gram-negative or anaerobic bacteria .

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Dosage and Administration

Linezolid is available in oral (tablet and suspension) and intravenous (IV) formulations. It is typically administered twice daily for 10 to 28 days, depending on the infection type. The dosage may vary based on the patient's condition and the severity of the infection. It is important to follow the prescribing healthcare provider's instructions and complete the full course of therapy .

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Warnings and Precautions

Myelosuppression: Regular monitoring of complete blood counts is recommended, as linezolid can cause thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukopenia.

Peripheral and Optic Neuropathy: Prolonged use (over 28 days) may lead to nerve damage. Patients should be monitored for visual disturbances.

Serotonin Syndrome: Linezolid is a weak, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Concurrent use with serotonergic agents (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants) may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome.

Hypertension: Use with adrenergic drugs (e.g., pseudoephedrine, epinephrine) may lead to elevated blood pressure.

Hypoglycemia: Patients with diabetes mellitus receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents may experience low blood sugar levels .

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Side Effects

Common side effects include:

Diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Anemia

Serious adverse effects may include:

Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD)
Pseudomembranous colitis
Lactic acidosis
Seizures
Peripheral and optic neuropathy (with prolonged use) .

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Price and Availability

The cost of linezolid varies based on the formulation and brand. It is available in hospitals and pharmacies. Prices may differ between regions and suppliers. It is advisable to consult local healthcare providers or pharmacies for specific pricing information.

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Summary

Linezolid is a potent antibiotic effective against various serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Its use requires careful monitoring for potential side effects and drug interactions. Patients should adhere to prescribed dosages and complete the full course of therapy to ensure efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance.

Monocef 1gm Injection: Medical Overview

Monocef 1gm Injection is a cephalosporin-class antibiotic containing Ceftriaxone 1g, manufactured by Aristo Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd. It is used to treat various bacterial infections and is administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional.([MedPay][1])

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Indications

Monocef 1gm Injection is prescribed for:

Meningitis (brain infection)
Pneumonia (lung infection)
Otitis media (middle ear infection)
Urinary tract infections
Skin and soft tissue infections
Bone and joint infections
Sepsis (bloodstream infection)
Endocarditis (heart valve infection)
Perioperative prophylaxis to prevent surgical infections

It is administered via intravenous (IV) infusion or intramuscular (IM) injection

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⚙️ Mechanism of Action

Ceftriaxone, the active ingredient, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, leading to bacterial cell death. It is effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ([Sastimedic][2])

-

💉 Dosage and Administration

Route: Intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) injection
Dosage: Determined by the healthcare provider based on the infection type and patient condition
Frequency: Typically administered once or twice daily
Duration: Course length varies; complete the full course as prescribed([GetOMeds][3])

Do not self-administer; always follow the healthcare provider's instructions.

-

⚠️ Contraindications

Monocef 1gm Injection should not be used in:

Patients with a known allergy to ceftriaxone or other cephalosporins
Newborns with hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice
Neonates requiring calcium treatment due to risk of precipitate formation ([Sastimedic][2])

-

⚠️ Precautions

Use with caution in patients with:

Renal or hepatic impairment
History of gastrointestinal diseases, especially colitis
Concurrent use of other nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic drugs

Monitor for signs of superinfection or allergic reactions during therapy.

-

💊 Side Effects

Common side effects include:

Diarrhea
Rash
Injection site reactions
Elevated liver enzymes
Changes in blood cell counts (e.g., eosinophilia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)([MedPay][1], [GetOMeds][3])

Serious adverse effects may include:

Anaphylaxis
Severe gastrointestinal reactions (e.g., pseudomembranous colitis)
Nephrotoxicity when combined with certain other medications ([Sastimedic][2])

Seek immediate medical attention if any severe reactions occur.

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💰 Price and Availability

The price of Monocef 1gm Injection varies:([PharmEasy][4])

PharmEasy: ₹53.10
GetOMeds: ₹55.90
SastiMedic: ₹52.35([PharmEasy][4], [Apollo Pharmacy][5], [Sastimedic][2])

Prices are approximate and may vary by retailer. ([PharmEasy][4])

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✅ Summary

Monocef 1gm Injection is an effective antibiotic for treating various bacterial infections. It is important to use this medication under medical supervision, adhere to prescribed dosages, and complete the full course of therapy to ensure efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance.([1mg][6])

Meropenem is a broad-spectrum, beta-lactam antibiotic from the carbapenem class. It is used primarily in the treatment of serious bacterial infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including multi-drug resistant bacteria.

Medical Description of Meropenem:

Generic Name: Meropenem
Drug Class: Carbapenem antibiotic
Mechanism of Action: Meropenem inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), leading to cell lysis and death. It is bactericidal.
Spectrum: Broad-spectrum; active against:

Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus — including MSSA)
Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Anaerobes (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis)
Route of Administration: Intravenous (IV)
Indications:

Intra-abdominal infections
Meningitis (bacterial)
Pneumonia (including hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated)
Urinary tract infections
Skin and soft tissue infections
Sepsis and febrile neutropenia

Pharmacokinetics:

Half-life: \~1 hour
Excretion: Primarily renal (requires dose adjustment in renal impairment)

Common Side Effects:

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Headache
Rash
Thrombophlebitis at injection site
Elevated liver enzymes

Serious Adverse Effects:

Seizures (especially in patients with renal impairment)
Hypersensitivity reactions
Superinfections, including Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea

Precautions:

History of beta-lactam allergy
Dose adjustment in renal impairment
Monitor for signs of neurotoxicity in high doses or renal dysfunction

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: glutamine, cysteine, and glycine. It is a critical antioxidant found in virtually every cell of the human body and plays a central role in reducing oxidative stress, maintaining immune function, and detoxifying harmful compounds.

Medical Description:

Name: Glutathione (GSH)
Class: Antioxidant, Detoxifying Agent
Route of Administration: Oral, Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Inhalation, Topical

Functions:

Antioxidant defense: Neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals.
Detoxification: Supports liver function by conjugating with toxins for excretion.
Immune support: Enhances lymphocyte activity and regulates inflammation.
Cellular function: Aids in DNA synthesis and repair, protein synthesis, and enzyme activation.
Skin lightening (controversial): Used in some cosmetic treatments to reduce melanin synthesis.

Medical Uses:

Chronic liver disease (e.g., hepatitis, fatty liver)
Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s)
Chemotherapy adjunct (to reduce toxicity)
Heavy metal detoxification
Cystic fibrosis, HIV/AIDS support therapy

Side Effects (typically rare):

Nausea
Skin rashes (especially with IV use)
Abdominal cramps
Allergic reactions (rare)

Contraindications:

Known hypersensitivity to glutathione or formulation components
Use caution in pregnancy and lactation due to limited safety data

Targocid 400 mg Injection contains teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections caused by Gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis. It is effective against infections such as:

Complicated skin and soft tissue infections
Bone and joint infections
Hospital-acquired and community-acquired pneumonia
Complicated urinary tract infections
Infective endocarditis
Peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Bacteraemia related to any of the above infections

Targocid is also used as an alternative oral treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. 

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💊 Dosage

The dosage of Targocid varies based on the type and severity of the infection, as well as the patient's weight and renal function. Typically, a loading dose is administered, followed by a maintenance dose. For example, for complicated skin and soft tissue infections, the loading dose is 6 mg/kg body weight every 12 hours for 3 intravenous or intramuscular administrations, aiming for a trough concentration of >15 mg/L. The maintenance dose is 6 mg/kg body weight once a day, with monitoring of serum concentrations to ensure efficacy. 

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⚠️ Side Effects

Common side effects of Targocid include:

Fever and chills
Injection site reactions (pain, redness, swelling)
Skin rashes and itching
Headache and dizziness
Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea)([PharmEasy][4])

Serious but rare side effects may include:

Severe allergic reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis)
"Red man syndrome" (flushing, rash, hypotension)
Hearing loss or tinnitus
Renal impairment
Blood disorders (e.g., thrombocytopenia, leucopenia)
Severe skin reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis)

Patients should be monitored for these adverse effects during treatment. 

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💰 Price in India

The price of Targocid 400 mg Injection varies by retailer:([Apollo Pharmacy][6])

Apollo Pharmacy: ₹2,316
MedPay: ₹2,547.96
PharmEasy: ₹2,316([MedPay][2])

Generic alternatives include Ticocin 400mg, Ticorex 400mg, Celplanin 400mg, and Teicofast 400mg, with prices ranging from ₹1,598 to ₹2,465. 

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⚠️ Precautions

Allergy: Avoid if allergic to teicoplanin or vancomycin.
Kidney Function: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Consult a doctor before use.
Drug Interactions: Avoid concurrent use with other nephrotoxic or ototoxic drugs unless advised by a healthcare professional.
Administration: Do not administer intraventricularly. 
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✅ Summary

Targocid 400 mg Injection is a potent antibiotic effective against a range of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections. It is generally well-tolerated but requires careful monitoring for potential side effects, especially in patients with pre-existing kidney conditions or those receiving other medications that may interact. Always use under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

If you need information on specific dosage regimens, generic alternatives, or assistance finding a local pharmacy in New Delhi, feel free to ask.

Fosfomycin 3g Sachet: Medical Overview

Fosfomycin is an antibiotic used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly acute cystitis, caused by susceptible bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. It is available in a 3g sachet form, typically under brand names like Monurol or Fosfocin.

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Indications

Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis: In women aged 18 and older.
Perioperative Prophylaxis: For preventing UTIs during certain urological procedures. 

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Mechanism of Action

Fosfomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by inactivating the enzyme enolpyruvyl transferase, leading to bactericidal activity. It also reduces bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells. 

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Dosage and Administration

Adults: One 3g sachet dissolved in a glass of cold water, taken as a single dose.
Administration Timing: On an empty stomach, preferably before bedtime and after voiding the bladder. 
Preparation: Dissolve the granules in 50–75 mL of water and consume immediately. 
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Contraindications and Precautions

Renal Impairment: Not recommended for patients with severe renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <10 mL/min).
Hypersensitivity: Contraindicated in individuals allergic to fosfomycin or any excipients.
Pregnancy and Lactation: Use only if clearly needed; discuss with a healthcare provider. 

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Side Effects

Common: Diarrhea, nausea, headache, dizziness, indigestion, vaginal discharge or itching, skin rash, increased heart rate, difficulty breathing.
Serious: Severe allergic reactions, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. 

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Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Well absorbed after oral administration.
Distribution: Widely distributed in body fluids.
Half-life: Approximately 4–6 hours; prolonged in renal impairment. 

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Storage

Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Shelf Life: Do not use after the expiry date indicated on the packaging. 

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Polymyxin B – Medical Description

Generic Name: Polymyxin B
Drug Class: Polymyxins (antibiotic)
Route: Intravenous (IV), Intrathecal (in special cases), Topical
Common Brands: Poly-B, Poly-Rx, or generic Polymyxin B sulfate

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What is Polymyxin B?

Polymyxin B is a bactericidal antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, especially when other antibiotics are ineffective. It is structurally and functionally similar to Colistin (Polymyxin E) but is often preferred in systemic infections because of its more predictable pharmacokinetics.

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Mechanism of Action

Binds to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
Disrupts cell membrane integrity, leading to leakage of cellular contents and cell death

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Indications

Polymyxin B is used for:

Bloodstream infections (sepsis)
Pneumonia (especially ventilator-associated)
Urinary tract infections
Meningitis (intrathecal use in rare cases)
Topical use for skin, eye, or ear infections (as part of combination ointments/drops)

Common pathogens:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumannii
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter spp.

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Dosage (IV Form)

Typical dose:
15,000 to 25,000 units/kg/day, divided into 2 doses
Route: IV infusion over 60 minutes
Renal adjustment: Not required, but caution in patients with renal impairment
Note: Polymyxin B is dosed in units, not mg. (1 mg ≈ 10,000 units)

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Warnings & Precautions

Nephrotoxicity: Risk of acute kidney injury, especially with prolonged use
Neurotoxicity: Dizziness, ataxia, paresthesias, or even neuromuscular blockade (rare)
Caution: Avoid concurrent use with other nephrotoxic or neurotoxic drugs

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Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to polymyxin B or other polymyxins

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Side Effects

Common:

Pain or swelling at injection site
Dizziness
Numbness or tingling

Serious:

Acute kidney injury
Neuromuscular blockade (e.g., respiratory paralysis)
Seizures (rare)

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Monitoring

Renal function (creatinine, BUN) at baseline and during therapy
Neurologic status (in long-term use)
Drug levels (in some centers, though not routine)

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Summary

Polymyxin B is a potent last-line antibiotic for serious infections caused by MDR Gram-negative organisms. Though effective, it requires careful monitoring due to risks of nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. It is often used in ICU settings or when resistant infections fail to respond to safer options.

Intravenous Amino Acid Infusion (10% Solution) – Medical Overview

An intravenous (IV) amino acid infusion, such as Aminoven 10%, provides essential amino acids directly into the bloodstream for patients who cannot meet their nutritional needs through oral or enteral routes. This solution is particularly beneficial for individuals requiring parenteral nutrition due to conditions like malnutrition, trauma, surgery recovery, or gastrointestinal disorders.

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Composition (per 100 mL of Aminoven 10%)

Each 100 mL of Aminoven 10% contains:(

Essential Amino Acids (EAA): 41%
Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA): 59%
Total Nitrogen: 8.1 g
Total Energy: 200 kcal
Osmolarity: 990 mOsm/L
Infusion Rate: Approximately 17 drops/min
Shelf Life: 24 months

The amino acid profile includes:

Alanine: 14.0 g
Arginine: 12.0 g
Glycine: 11.0 g
Histidine: 3.0 g
Isoleucine: 5.0 g
Leucine: 7.4 g
Lysine (as acetate): 6.6 g
Methionine: 4.3 g
Phenylalanine: 5.1 g
Proline: 11.2 g
Serine: 6.5 g
Taurine: 1.0 g
Threonine: 4.4 g
Tryptophan: 2.0 g
Tyrosine: 0.4 g
Valine: 6.2 g 

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Indications

Aminoven 10% is indicated for:

Parenteral nutrition in patients with:

Severe malnutrition

Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., short bowel syndrome, ileus)

Post-surgical recovery

Trauma or burns

Cancer cachexia

Protein supplementation when oral intake is insufficient or not possible

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Dosage and Administration

Recommended daily dose: 10–20 mL per kg body weight, equivalent to 1.0–2.0 g amino acids per kg body weight

Maximum infusion rate: 1.0 mL per kg body weight per hour (approximately 0.1 g amino acids per kg body weight per hour)([myHealthbox][5])

Administration route: Intravenous infusion, preferably via a central vein([NetForHealth][2])

Duration of therapy: Continued as long as parenteral nutrition is required ([NetForHealth][2])

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Precautions and Monitoring

Electrolyte balance: Monitor serum electrolytes regularly

Renal and hepatic function: Assess kidney and liver function periodically

Fluid balance: Maintain appropriate hydration status

Folic acid supplementation: Consider daily folic acid to prevent deficiency

Cardiac considerations: Exercise caution in patients with cardiac insufficiency([NetForHealth][2])

Administration site: Central venous administration is preferred due to the solution's osmolarity (

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Storage

Temperature: Store at room temperature (15–25°C)

Freezing: Do not freeze

Packaging: Keep container in the outer carton to protect from light

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If you require assistance with specific dosing calculations or have questions about combining Aminoven 10% with other parenteral nutrition components, feel free to ask.

Intravenous Amino Acid Infusion (10% Solution) – Medical Overview

An intravenous (IV) amino acid infusion, such as Aminoven 10%, provides essential amino acids directly into the bloodstream for patients who cannot meet their nutritional needs through oral or enteral routes. This solution is particularly beneficial for individuals requiring parenteral nutrition due to conditions like malnutrition, trauma, surgery recovery, or gastrointestinal disorders.

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Composition (per 100 mL of Aminoven 10%)

Each 100 mL of Aminoven 10% contains:([NetForHealth][2])

Essential Amino Acids (EAA): 41%
Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA): 59%
Total Nitrogen: 8.1 g
Total Energy: 200 kcal
Osmolarity: 990 mOsm/L
Infusion Rate: Approximately 17 drops/min
Shelf Life: 24 months

The amino acid profile includes:

Alanine: 14.0 g
Arginine: 12.0 g
Glycine: 11.0 g
Histidine: 3.0 g
Isoleucine: 5.0 g
Leucine: 7.4 g
Lysine (as acetate): 6.6 g
Methionine: 4.3 g
Phenylalanine: 5.1 g
Proline: 11.2 g
Serine: 6.5 g
Taurine: 1.0 g
Threonine: 4.4 g
Tryptophan: 2.0 g
Tyrosine: 0.4 g
Valine: 6.2 g ([myHealthbox][5], [Farmasko][6])

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Indications

Aminoven 10% is indicated for:([cima.aemps.es][7])

Parenteral nutrition in patients with:

Severe malnutrition

Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., short bowel syndrome, ileus)

Post-surgical recovery

Trauma or burns

Cancer cachexia

Protein supplementation when oral intake is insufficient or not possible

-

Dosage and Administration

Recommended daily dose: 10–20 mL per kg body weight, equivalent to 1.0–2.0 g amino acids per kg body weight

Maximum infusion rate: 1.0 mL per kg body weight per hour (approximately 0.1 g amino acids per kg body weight per hour)([myHealthbox][5])

Administration route: Intravenous infusion, preferably via a central vein([NetForHealth][2])

Duration of therapy: Continued as long as parenteral nutrition is required ([NetForHealth][2])

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Precautions and Monitoring

Electrolyte balance: Monitor serum electrolytes regularly

Renal and hepatic function: Assess kidney and liver function periodically

Fluid balance: Maintain appropriate hydration status

Folic acid supplementation: Consider daily folic acid to prevent deficiency

Cardiac considerations: Exercise caution in patients with cardiac insufficiency([NetForHealth][2])

Administration site: Central venous administration is preferred due to the solution's osmolarity ([NetForHealth][2])

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Storage

Temperature: Store at room temperature (15–25°C)([NetForHealth][2])

Freezing: Do not freeze([NetForHealth][2])

Packaging: Keep container in the outer carton to protect from light([NetForHealth][2])

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If you require assistance with specific dosing calculations or have questions about combining Aminoven 10% with other parenteral nutrition components, feel free to ask.

Omegaven 10% Injectable Emulsion – Medical Overview

Omegaven is a specialized intravenous lipid emulsion composed primarily of fish oil triglycerides, specifically designed to provide essential long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), notably eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It is utilized in parenteral nutrition (PN) to support patients who are unable to receive adequate nutrition through oral or enteral means.

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Composition

Each 100 mL of Omegaven contains:

10.0 g of highly refined fish oil, providing:

1.25–2.82 g of EPA
1.44–3.09 g of DHA
1.2 g of purified egg phosphatides (as emulsifier)
2.5 g of glycerol
15–30 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol (antioxidant)
0.03 g of sodium oleate
Water for injection
Sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment)

The emulsion has an osmolality of approximately 342 mOsm/kg and provides 112 kcal per 100 mL. 

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Indications

Omegaven is indicated for:

Parenteral nutrition supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, when oral or enteral nutrition is impossible, insufficient, or contraindicated.

It is especially beneficial for patients:

Post-trauma or post-surgery
With abdominal or non-abdominal sepsis/SIRS
Suffering from peritonitis
With compromised immune function
At risk of chronic or acute hyper-inflammatory processes 

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Dosage and Administration

Recommended daily dose: 1–2 mL/kg body weight (equivalent to 0.1–0.2 g fish oil/kg body weight).
Maximum infusion rate: 0.5 mL/kg body weight per hour (0.05 g fish oil/kg/hour).
Administration: Omegaven should be administered via a central or peripheral vein.
Combination with other lipid emulsions: It is recommended to administer Omegaven in combination with other lipid emulsions (e.g., Intralipid) to achieve a balanced lipid intake. 

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Side Effects

Common side effects may include:

Vomiting
Agitation
Slow heart rate
Breathing interruptions (apnea)
Viral infections
Redness or rash
Abscess formation
Low white blood cell count (neutropenia)
Muscle stiffness
Injection site redness

Serious side effects are rare but may include:

Severe eye symptoms (e.g., sudden vision loss, blurred vision, eye pain)
Heart symptoms (e.g., irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, dizziness)
Neurological symptoms (e.g., severe headache, confusion, slurred speech, muscle weakness) 

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Precautions

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Consult a healthcare provider before use during pregnancy or breastfeeding, as safety data is limited.
Kidney or Liver Disease: Use with caution; dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Allergies: Avoid use in patients with known hypersensitivity to fish oil or egg phosphatides.

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Storage

Temperature: Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).
Avoid freezing: Do not freeze the emulsion.
Shelf life: Refer to the expiration date on the packaging.

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